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To determine and validate of captopril in presence of apigenin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in rat plasma. The captopril and apigenin were extracted from rat plasma by protein
precipitation with acetonitrile. Sample containing captopril and apigenin were analyzed by using LC-MS/MS with
C18 column Acquity® (100 mm×21 mm), 1.7 m particles size column at 40 C. The gradient system of mobile
phase composition was a mixture of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (60; 40 v/v), with flow rate 0.3 ml/second.
Mass detection was performed on Waters Xevo Triple Quadrupole equipped with an electrospray ionization
(ESI) source in positive ion mode in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. Captopril was detected
at m/z 415 > 21616, apigenin was detected at m/z 27113 > 15307 and propranolol an internal standard was
detected at m/z 260 > 18317. Results: The method was validated according to EMEA guidelines which showed
good reproducibility and linearity of 0.9992, the LLOQ were 10 ng/ml for captopril. The precision (%CV) value of
Within-run and between-run analysis is 3.90–10.90% and 3.77–8.13% whereas the accuracy (%diff) of captopril
was less than 20%. Stability studies revealed that captopril has been stable for 6 hours at room temperature,
three freeze-thaw cycles, and at least 120 days at −40 C. Conclusion: The developed LC-MS/MS method
is valid to evaluate captopril in present of apigenin in vitro and meet the requirement of linearity, accuracy,
selectivity, precision, matrix effect, and stability according to EMEA 2011
Palm oil is one of the fatty oil can used as the oil phase in the microemulsion system. The purpose of this
research was to identify the effect of increasing concentration of combination of surfactant and cosurfactant on
the physical stability of palm oil microemulsion. This oil was formulated into microemulsion system by increasing
concentration of combination of tween 80 and sorbitol (1:1) in various concentrations, which were 54%,
56%, 58% and 60% as surfactant and cosurfactant component. The evaluation included organoleptic, viscosity
test, pH, density, surface tension and particle size and zeta potential test. The pH showed in the range 5.8
to 6.4. Viscosity value obtained between 637.47 to 808.20 Cps. Density measurement were between 1.1123 to
1.1235 g/ml. The results of surface tension obtained between 39.76 to 43.07 dynes/cm. The results of particle
size measurement results obtained from 21.27 to 23.97 nm and the zeta potential between −10.28 to −18.03.
It can be concluded that the increasing of concentration of surfactant and cosurfactant can improve physical
stability of the microemulsion.
Background: Aspirin is recommended as a first-line antiplatelet drug for all types of acute diseases that cause thrombosis in the blood vessel,
especially in cardiovascular disease. Orally administered aspirin has side effects such as the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and has presystemic
metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Transdermal delivery offers an alternative for administering aspirin that by passes the gut and this
may be more convenient and safe for long-term use. This study used a form of microemulsion to prevent hydrolysis of aspirin because it contains a
high concentration of the surfactant. A microemulsion is a dosage form that can penetrate into the skin for transdermal delivery.
Objectives: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of Tween 80 and propylene glycol as the surfactant and cosurfactant on the physical
stability of the microemulsion.
Materials and Methods: Various concentrations of Tween 80 and propylene glycol (2:1) were used 54%, 57%, 60%, and 63%, and the physical
stability of the different microemulsions was tested for 6 weeks.
Result: The results showed that the formula F3 was the most stable formula. The formula F3 showed the following properties such as pH of 3.74±0.30,
viscosity of 1198.76±56.02 cps, BJ of 1.0669±0.005 g/mL, surface tension of 38.77±0.43 dyne/cm, and particle size of 49.46±6.91 nm.
Conclusions: Based on the results concluded that the optimum concentration of Tween 80 as the surfactant and propylene glycol as the cosurfactant
with a ratio of 2:1 was 60%.