eprintid: 56426 rev_number: 8 eprint_status: archive userid: 2314 dir: disk0/00/05/64/26 datestamp: 2026-09-16 09:23:24 lastmod: 2026-09-16 09:23:24 status_changed: 2026-09-16 09:23:24 type: thesis metadata_visibility: show creators_name: RENASYA FADHILLA UTAMI, RENASYA title: SKRIPSI-2210015034-RENASYA FADHILLA UTAMI-REPOSITORY ispublished: pub subjects: R subjects: Skripsi divisions: 11201 abstract: Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis kanker yang paling banyak terjadi terutama pada wanita. Pengobatan terkait kanker yang efektif dan aman masih terus dikembangkan, salah satunya dengan bahan alami. Rubus fraxinifolius merupakan salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai tanaman obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak diklorometan ranting tanaman R. fraxinifolius terhadap viabilitas sel kanker payudara lini sel MCF-7 secara in vitro. Hasil analisis GCMS menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak diklorometan ranting R. fraxinifolius mengandung beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti asam lemak, fenolik, flavin, dan pyranone, Sel MCF-7 dikultur dan diberi perlakuan ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 5000 ppm, 1250 ppm, 625 ppm, dan 312,5 ppm. Setelah sel MCF-7 diberi perlakuan dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam, selanjutnya melakukan analisis uji sitotoksik dengan metode MTT assay. Nilai absorbansi diukur menggunakan ELISA reader dan dianalisis untuk membuat kurva dosisrespon serta menentukan nilai IC50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak diklorometan ranting R. fraxinifolius memiliki nilai IC50 >5000 μg/mL. Meskipun demikian, ekstrak ini menunjukkan pengaruh terhadap viabilitas sel MCF-7 yang ditandai dengan peningkatan presentase inhibisi seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi. Sehingga ekstrak diklorometan ranting R. fraxinifolius memiliki potensi untuk mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sel MCF-7 meskipun dengan aktivitas sitotoksik yang tergolong rendah. Kata kunci: Rubus fraxinifolius, Kanker payudara, MCF-7, Antikanker date: 2026 date_type: published full_text_status: restricted institution: Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka department: PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER thesis_type: bachelor thesis_name: bphil referencetext: Abbas, Z., & Rehman, S. (2018). An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities. In Neoplasm. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76558 Abdallah, M. E., El-Readi, M. Z., Althubiti, M. A., Almaimani, R. A., Ismail, A. M., Idris, S., Refaat, B., Almalki, W. H., Babakr, A. T., Mukhtar, M. H., Abdalla, A. N., & Idris, O. F. (2020). Tamoxifen and the PI3K Inhibitor: LY294002 Synergistically Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells. Molecules, 25(15), 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153355 Abubakar, A. R., & Haque, M. (2020a). Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. In Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences (Vol. 12, Number 1, pp. 1–10). Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19 Abubakar, A. R., & Haque, M. (2020b). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19 Ahmed, Z. S. O., Khan, E., Elias, N., Elshebiny, A., & Dou, Q. (2025). Updated Review on Natural Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Effects, and Clinical Applications for Cancer Management. Biomolecules, 15(5), 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15050629 Albuquerque, B. R., Heleno, S. A., Oliveira, M. B. P. P., Barros, L., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2021). Phenolic compounds: current industrial applications, limitations and future challenges. Food & Function, 12(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0FO02324H Aly, S. H., Elbadry, A. M. M., Doghish, A. S., & El-Nashar, H. A. S. (2024). Unveiling the pharmacological potential of plant triterpenoids in breast cancer management: an updated review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 397(8), 5571–5596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024- 03054-2 Arrofiqi, M. R., Sakti, A. S., & Mayangsari, F. D. (2024). Kajian Literatur: Aplikasi Sejumlah Metode Ekstraksi Konvensional untuk Mengekstraksi Senyawa Fenolik dari Bahan Alam. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal, 7(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v7i1.1972 Asiimwe, J. B., Nagendrappa, P. B., Atukunda, E. C., Kamatenesi, M. M., Nambozi, G., Tolo, C. U., Ogwang, P. E., & Sarki, A. M. (2021). Prevalence of the Use of Herbal Medicines among Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. In Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Vol. 2021). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9963038 Bhatt, S. C., Naik, B., Kumar, V., Gupta, A. K., Kumar, S., Preet, M. S., Sharma, N., & Rustagi, S. (2023). Untapped potential of non-conventional rubus species: bioactivity, nutrition, and livelihood opportunities. In Plant Methods (Vol. 19, Number 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007- 023-01094-y Bhuyan, B., & Dutta, A. (n.d.). A REVIEW ON THE PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TRADITIONAL PROFILE ON THE RUBUS GENUS IN NORTH-EASTERN AND WESTERN PARTS OF INDIA. In Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research. Retrieved www.dibru.ac.in/ctpr Bonsou, I. N., Mbaveng, A. T., Nguenang, G. S., Chi, G. F., Kuete, V., & Efferth, T. (2022). Cytotoxicity, acute and sub-chronic toxicities of the fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumm. & Thonn.) Taub. (Fabaceae). BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22(1), 178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03659-1 Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(3), 229–263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834 Brown, J. S., Amend, S. R., Austin, R. H., Gatenby, R. A., Hammarlund, E. U., & Pienta, K. J. (2023). Updating the Definition of Cancer. Molecular Cancer Research, 21(11), 1142–1147. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-23- 0411 Burguin, A., Diorio, C., & Durocher, F. (2021). Breast Cancer Treatments: Updates and New Challenges. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(8), 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11080808 Carvalho, E., Canberk, S., Schmitt, F., & Vale, N. (2025). Molecular Subtypes and Mechanisms of Breast Cancer: Precision Medicine Approaches for Targeted Therapies. Cancers, 17(7), 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071102 Chen, G., Liu, W., & Yan, B. (2022). Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Spheroid Culture for Drug Discovery and Development. Journal of Cancer Therapy, 13(3), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.4236/jct.2022.133009 Clusan, L., Ferrière, F., Flouriot, G., & Pakdel, F. (2023). A Basic Review on Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), 6834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076834 Cohen, S. Y., Stoll, C. R., Anandarajah, A., Doering, M., & Colditz, G. A. (2023). Modifiable risk factors in women at high risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. In Breast Cancer Research (Vol. 25, Number 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-023-01636-1 Cytion. (2025). MCF7 Cells. Cytion. https://www.cytion.com/MCF-7- Cells/300273 Das, S., Mazumder, A., Sahu, N., Das, M. K., Chand, S., Gupta, H., & Kumar, A. (2022). Ethnopharmacology of Genus <i>Rubus</i>: Modern Science from Ancient Science. Journal of Natural Remedies, 529–538. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2022/29886 Debela, D. T., Muzazu, S. G. Y., Heraro, K. D., Ndalama, M. T., Mesele, B. W., Haile, D. C., Kitui, S. K., & Manyazewal, T. (2021). New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. In SAGE Open Medicine (Vol. 9). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211034366 Desmiaty, Y., Elya, B., Chany Saputri, F., Irawatty Dewi, I., & Hanafi, M. (2019). Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Kandungan Senyawa Polifenol dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Rubus fraxinifolius (Eff ect of Extraction Method on Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Rubus fraxinifolius). JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, 17(2). Desmiaty, Y., Saputri, F. C., Hanafi, M., Prastiwi, R., & Elya, B. (2020). Antielastase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-oxidant of Rubus fraxinifolius stem methanolic extract. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(2), 271–275. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.42 Dewi, R. T., Fitria, I., Sundowo, A., Agustian, E., Ismaini, L., Normasiwi, S., Noviady, I., Destri, & Surya, M. I. (2019). Phytochemical Constituent’s Comparison Using Various Drying Effects on Rubus Fraxinifolius Pour Leaves. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 7(3), 310–317. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.7.3.06 El Sayed, R., El Jamal, L., El Iskandarani, S., Kort, J., Abdel Salam, M., & Assi, H. (2019). Endocrine and Targeted Therapy for Hormone-Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer: Insights to Sequencing Treatment and Overcoming Resistance Based on Clinical Trials. Frontiers in Oncology, 9, 510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00510 Elabscience. (2025). MCF7 [MCF-7] Cell Line Origin and General Characteristics. www.elabscience.com Enaru, B., Drețcanu, G., Pop, T. D., Stǎnilǎ, A., & Diaconeasa, Z. (2021). Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Their Stability and Degradation. Antioxidants, 10(12), 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121967 Eprariana, E., Fiona Maulidia, Siti Nor Adidah, Chiena Nazerina Yoshi, Raida Raida, Gina Norhalija, & Della Puspita. (2025). Perbedaan Teknik Ekstraksi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Aktivitas Biologis serta Hasil Senyawa Fitokimia pada Bahan Alam. Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, Fisika Dan Biologi, 1(5), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.61132/jupenkifb.v1i5.633 Freshney, R. Ian., Capes-Davis, Amanda., Gregory, Carl., & Przyborski, Stefan. (2016). Culture of animal cells : a manual of basic technique and specialized applications. Wiley-Blackwell. Gao, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Qian, J., Hu, L., Li, Z., & Li, W. (2023). Studies of value in use, chemical compositions, biological and pharmacological activities, and quality control of Rubus berries: A comprehensive review. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 124, 105707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105707 George, B. P., & Abrahamse, H. (2019). Increased oxidative stress induced by Rubus bioactive compounds induce apoptotic cell death in human breast cancer cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6797921 George, B. P., & Abrahamse, H. (2021). 3 Traditional Uses and Bioactivities of Common Rubus Species With Reference to Cancer: A Mini-Review. George, B. P., Rajendran, N. K., Houreld, N. N., & Abrahamse, H. (2022). Rubus Capped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules, 27(20), 6862. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206862 Ghasemi, M., Turnbull, T., Sebastian, S., & Kempson, I. (2021). The mtt assay: Utility, limitations, pitfalls, and interpretation in bulk and single-cell analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312827 Hermawan, A., Ikawati, M., Khumaira, A., Putri, H., Jenie, R. I., Angraini, S. M., & Muflikhasari, H. A. (2021). Bioinformatics and In Vitro Studies Reveal the Importance of p53, PPARG and Notch Signaling Pathway in Inhibition of Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Hesperetin. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 11(2), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2021.033 Hong, R., & Xu, B. (2022). Breast cancer: an up-to-date review and future perspectives. Cancer Communications (London, England), 42(10), 913–936. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12358 Huber, D., Hatzipanagiotou, M., Schüler-Toprak, S., Ortmann, O., & Treeck, O. (2024). Effects of Endocrine Interventions Targeting ERα or PR on Breast Cancer Risk in the General Population and Carriers of BRCA1/2 Pathogenic Variants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 5894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115894 Humas BRIN. (2023). Kandungan Nutrisi Lima Jenis Rubus Asal Pegunungan Indonesia. Badan Riset Dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN). https://www.brin.go.id/news/111866/kandungan-nutrisi-lima-jenis-rubusasal- pegunungan-indonesia Jóźwiak, M., Filipowska, A., Fiorino, F., & Struga, M. (2020). Anticancer activities of fatty acids and their heterocyclic derivatives. European Journal of Pharmacology, 871, 172937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172937 KEMENKES. (2024). Strategi Indonesia dalam Upaya Melawan Kanker. https://www.iccpportal. org/sites/default/files/plans/Rencana_Kanker_Nasional_2024-2034.pdf Kim, C. S., & Algan, O. (2025). Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459174/ Konuk, E. (2024). A meta-analysis assessing the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on MCF7 breast cancer cells. Oncology Letters, 28(5), 551. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14684 Lawrenti, H. (2022). Penghambat CDK4/6 untuk Terapi Kanker Payudara. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 49(5), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i5.235 Li, L., Cheng, Y., Ren, Z., Wang, S., Li, Y., Li, Y., Li, H., Ai, Z., & Yan, S. (2025). Molecular Insights into the Potential Anticancer Activity of Pyrone Derivatives. Journal of Natural Products, 88(12), 3065–3076. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5c01271 Liu, S., Khan, A. R., Yang, X., Dong, B., Ji, J., & Zhai, G. (2021). The reversal of chemotherapy-induced multidrug resistance by nanomedicine for cancer therapy. In Journal of Controlled Release (Vol. 335, pp. 1–20). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.012 Ma, S., Wu, Y., Min, H., Ge, L., & Yang, K. (2024). Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoid Glycosides from the Flower of Camellia flavida and Their Cytotoxic and α-Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010977 Madorran, E., Ambrož, M., Knez, J., & Sobočan, M. (2024). An Overview of the Current State of Cell Viability Assessment Methods Using OECD Classification. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010220 Malita, S., & Rahman, R. S. (2023). Tanaman Herbal Indonesia yang Memiliki Aktivitas Sebagai Antikanker. Jurnal Tampiasih, 2(1). Mallick, R., Bhowmik, P., & Duttaroy, A. K. (2023). Targeting fatty acid uptake and metabolism in cancer cells: A promising strategy for cancer treatment. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 167, 115591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115591 Maoka, T. (2020). Carotenoids as natural functional pigments. Journal of Natural Medicines, 74(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01364-x Martins, R., Barbosa, A., Advinha, B., Sales, H., Pontes, R., & Nunes, J. (2023). Green Extraction Techniques of Bioactive Compounds: A State-of-the-Art Review. Processes, 11(8), 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082255 Menon, G., Alkabban, F. M., & Ferguson, T. (2025). Breast Cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482286/ Mohd Fisall, U. F., Ismail, N. Z., Adebayo, I. A., & Arsad, H. (2021). Dichloromethane fraction of Moringa oleifera leaf methanolic extract selectively inhibits breast cancer cells (MCF7) by induction of apoptosis via upregulation of Bax, p53 and caspase 8 expressions. Molecular Biology Reports, 48(5), 4465–4475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06466-y National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2025). PubChem Cell Summary for Cell Line MCF-7. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cell/CVCL_0031 Niu, J., Li, M., & Wang, Y. (2024). Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assays, The Fundamentals for Drug Discovery. International Journal of Drug Discovery and Pharmacology, 100013. https://doi.org/10.53941/ijddp.2024.100013 Normasiwi, S., Andi Salamah, & Muhammad Imam Surya. (2021). Morphological characteristics of Indonesian Rubus flowers. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220347 Normasiwi, S., Salamah, A., & Surya, M. I. (2021). Morphological characteristics of Indonesian rubus flowers. Biodiversitas, 22(3), 1441–1447. https://doi.org/10.13057/BIODIV/D220347 Nur Latipah Sulistiawanti, Hairunnisa Hairunnisa, Niken Widya Ningrum3, & Salma Fitriyanti. (2025). Review: Perbedaan Penggunaan Pelarut Terhadap Nilai Rendemen yang Dihasilkan dengan Berbagai Metode Ekstraksi dalam Proses Ekstraksi. An-Najat, 3(3), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.59841/annajat. v3i3.3169 Obeagu, E. I., & Obeagu, G. U. (2024). Breast cancer: A review of risk factors and diagnosis. Medicine, 103(3), e36905. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000036905 Ojong, C., Besong, S. A., & Aryee, A. N. A. (2026). Solvent-Based Extraction Recovers Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants Demonstrating Anticancer and Chemopreventive Potential: A Review. Molecules, 31(7), 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31071202 Orrantia-Borunda, E., Anchondo-Nuñez, P., Acuña-Aguilar, L. E., Gómez-Valles, F. O., & Ramírez-Valdespino, C. A. (2022). Subtypes of Breast Cancer. In H. P. Mayrovitz (Ed.), Breast Cancer (pp. 31–42). Exon Publications. https://doi.org/10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-subtypes Pascayantri, A., Ningsih, M. B., Sadarun, B., Malaka, M. H., Fristiohady, A., Malik, F., & Sahidin, I. (2021). Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis UJI SITOTOKSIK EKSTRAK ETANOL Petrosia sp. MENGGUNAKAN METODE MIKROTETRAZOLIUM PADA LINI SEL KANKER PAYUDARA T47D SECARA IN VITRO IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY ASSAY OF Petrosia sp. ETHANOL EXTRACT BY USING MTT METHOD OF T47D BREAST CANCER CELL LINE. In JFSP (Vol. 7, Number 3). Desember. http://journal.ummgl.ac.id/index.php/pharmacy PDQ Cancer Genetics Editorial Board. (2024). BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risks and Management (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589498/ Popova, M., & Bankova, V. (2023). Contemporary methods for the extraction and isolation of natural products. BMC Chemistry, 17(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-023-00960-z Rahman, Md. M., Rahaman, Md. S., Islam, Md. R., Rahman, F., Mithi, F. M., Alqahtani, T., Almikhlafi, M. A., Alghamdi, S. Q., Alruwaili, A. S., Hossain, Md. S., Ahmed, M., Das, R., Emran, T. Bin, & Uddin, Md. S. (2021). Role of Phenolic Compounds in Human Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Molecules, 27(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010233 Rawi, M. H. (2023). Exploring the Significance and Medicinal Potential of Rubus fraxinifolius: A Review of Ragimot Wildberry. https://doi.org/10.32388/K94SUT Saeful Amin, & Tsani, G. A. (2025). TINJAUAN LITERATUR: MOLECULAR DOCKING FITOKIMIA INDONESIA TERHADAP TARGET TERAPEUTIK EMPAT JENIS KANKER. Journal of Public Health Science, 2(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.70248/jophs.v2i2.2191 Saini, A., Kumar, M., Bhatt, S., Saini, V., & Malik, A. (2020). CANCER CAUSES AND TREATMENTS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 11(7), 3121. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(7).3121- 34 Sazonova, E. V., Chesnokov, M. S., Zhivotovsky, B., & Kopeina, G. S. (2022). Drug toxicity assessment: cell proliferation versus cell death. Cell Death Discovery, 8(1), 417. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-022-01207-x Schoch, C. L., Ciufo, S., Domrachev, M., Hotton, C. L., Kannan, S., Khovanskaya, R., Leipe, D., Mcveigh, R., O’Neill, K., Robbertse, B., Sharma, S., Soussov, V., Sullivan, J. P., Sun, L., Turner, S., & Karsch-Mizrachi, I. (2020). NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baaa062 Setiawati, A., Candrasari, D. S., Setyajati, F. D. E., Prasetyo, V. K., Setyaningsih, D., & Hartini, Y. S. (2022). Anticancer drug screening of natural products. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 12(7), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.350176 Sha, R., Kong, X. M., Li, X. Y., & Wang, Y. B. (2024). Global burden of breast cancer and attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Biomarker Research, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-024-00631-8 Shamsudin, N. A., Matawali, A., Azlan, J., & 1#, G. (2019). Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Content of Borneo Wild Berry, Rubus fraxinifolius (Rogimot). In Transactions on Science and Technology (Vol. 6, Number 1). http://tost.unise.org/ GLOBOCAN. (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2025, from https://gco.iarc.who.int/media/globocan/factsheets/populations/900-worldfact- sheet.pdf Statistics at a glance, 2022 Top 5 most frequent cancers Number of new cases 408 661 Number of deaths 242 988 Number of prevalent cases (5-year). (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2025, from https://gco.iarc.who.int/media/globocan/factsheets/populations/360- indonesia-fact-sheet.pdf Sulistyowati, Elya, B., Iswandana, R., & Nur, S. (2023). Phytocompounds and in vitro antiaging activity of ethanolic extract and fractions of Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. leaves. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Research, 11(4), 595– 610. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1614_11.4.595 Trayes, K. P., & Cokenakes, S. E. H. (2021). Breast Cancer Treatment. American Family Physician, 104(2), 171–178. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p171.html Tropical Plants Database. (2024). https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Rubus+fraxinifolius Wayne, A., & M, A. W. (n.d.). DASAR-ANATOMI. Wei, H.-C. (2019). Mathematical modeling of tumor growth: the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 16(6), 6512– 6535. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2019325 Xiong, X., Zheng, L.-W., Ding, Y., Chen, Y.-F., Cai, Y.-W., Wang, L.-P., Huang, L., Liu, C.-C., Shao, Z.-M., & Yu, K.-D. (2025). Breast cancer: pathogenesis and treatments. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 10(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-02108-4 Yang, W., Chen, X., Li, Y., Guo, S., Wang, Z., & Yu, X. (2020). Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids. Natural Product Communications, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X20903555 citation: RENASYA FADHILLA UTAMI, RENASYA (2026) SKRIPSI-2210015034-RENASYA FADHILLA UTAMI-REPOSITORY. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka. document_url: http://repository.uhamka.ac.id/id/eprint/56426/1/SKRIPSI-2210015034-RENASYA%20FADHILLA%20UTAMI-REPOSITORY.pdf