eprintid: 56382 rev_number: 8 eprint_status: archive userid: 2314 dir: disk0/00/05/63/82 datestamp: 2026-09-14 09:02:13 lastmod: 2026-09-14 09:02:13 status_changed: 2026-09-14 09:02:13 type: thesis metadata_visibility: show creators_name: FATIH ABDURRAHMAN A, FATIH title: SKRIPSI-2210015031-FATIH ABDURRAHMAN A-REPOSITORY ispublished: pub subjects: R subjects: Skripsi divisions: 11201 abstract: Eksplorasi agen sitotoksik bahan alam diperlukan untuk mengatasi efek samping dari terapi konvensional yang sudah ada pada kanker payudara subtipe Luminal A. Penelitian in vitro ini bertujuan mengevaluasi efek ekstrak metanol daun Mangifera sumbawaensis terhadap viabilitas dan morfologi sel kanker payudara MCF-7. Komponen bioaktif diekstraksi melalui maserasi metanol, lalu diidentifikasi menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Uji sitotoksik selanjutnya dilakukan via MTT assay pada konsentrasi 62,5–1000 ppm dengan inkubasi selama 24 jam. Analisis data menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan regresi linear untuk menentukan nilai IC!". Hasil GC-MS menunjukkan profil metabolit didominasi ester asam lemak dengan Methyl cis-13- octadecenoate (20,37%) sebagai komponen utama. Secara mikroskopis, paparan ekstrak memicu perubahan morfologi berupa sel membulat, pengerutan sitoplasma, dan serpihan apoptosis pada konsentrasi 500 dan 1000 ppm. Walaupun perlakuan ekstrak Mangifera pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm mampu menurunkan viabilitas sel hingga 47,15%, tren penurunan tersebut secara statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p = 0,1044). Perhitungan regresi linear menunjukkan estimasi nilai IC!" sebesar 947,152 ppm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun Mangifera sumbawaensis memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik yang lemah, namun tetap berpotensi memicu apoptosis pada konsentrasi tinggi. Kata Kunci: Mangifera sumbawaensis, MCF-7, MTT assay, Sitotoksisitas Lemah. date: 2026 date_type: published full_text_status: restricted institution: Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka department: PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER thesis_type: bachelor thesis_name: bphil referencetext: Abbas, Z. N., Al-Saffar, A. Z., Jasim, S. M., & Sulaiman, G. M. (2023). Comparative study of colorectal cancer cell lines cultured in two- and threedimensional models: Insights into cellular morphologies, drug responsiveness and transcriptomics. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2899480/v1 Ananto, A. D., Muliasari, H., & Hamdin, C. D. (2020). Studi in silico bioaktivitas antikanker senyawa aktif dalam minyak biji buah wali [Brucea javanica (L.) Merr]. Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy, 1(2), 26–29. https://doi.org/10.29303/sjp.v1i2.13 Babakhanova, G., Zimmerman, S. M., Pierce, L. T., Sarkar, S., Schaub, N. J., & Simon, C. G. (2022). Quantitative, traceable determination of cell viability using absorbance microscopy. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0262119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262119 Bhanuwati, A. V., & Pakpahan, A. (2022). Cytotoxic test of different solvents of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf extract against HSC-3 cell line. Dental Journal, 55(3), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v55.i3.p130-136 Bonsou, I. N., Mbaveng, A. T., Nguenang, G. S., Chi, G. F., Kuete, V., & Efferth, T. (2022). Cytotoxicity, acute and sub-chronic toxicities of the fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumm. & Thonn.) Taub. (Fabaceae). BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22(1), Artikel 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03659-1 Brown, J. S., Amend, S. R., Austin, R. H., Gatenby, R. A., Hammarlund, E. U., & Pienta, K. J. (2023). Updating the definition of cancer. Molecular Cancer Research, 21(11), 1142–1147. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR- 23-0411 Chan, F., & Hamid, R. A. (2021). An overview of breast cancer: Classification and related signaling pathways. Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science. http://journals.hh-publisher.com/index.php/pmmb Choi, B. H., Kim, M. R., Jung, Y. N., Kang, S., & Hong, J. (2023). Interfering with color response by porphyrin-related compounds in the MTT tetrazoliumbased colorimetric assay. Internasional Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), Artikel 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010562 Comşa, Ş., Cîmpean, A. M., & Raica, M. (2015). The story of MCF-7 breast cancer cell line: 40 years of experience in research. Anticancer Research, 35(6), 3147–3154. Djuwarno, E. N., Marhaba, Z., Abdullah, R., Baharuddin, R., Usuli, T. C., Ismail, N. H., & Tonde, N. A. (2023). Gambaran pengobatan pasca kemoterapi pasien kanker payudara pada rumah sakit di Provinsi Gorontalo. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, 9(2), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v9i2.328 Erber, R., & Hartmann, A. (2020). Histology of luminal breast cancer. Breast Care, 15(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509025 Farhan, M., Rizvi, A., Aatif, M., & Ahmad, A. (2023). Current understanding of flavonoids in cancer therapy and prevention. Metabolites, 13(4), Artikel 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040481 Firdausi, I., & Retnowati, R. (2015). Fraksinasi ekstrak metanol daun mangga kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm) dengan pelarut n-butanol. Jurnal Ilmu Kimia Universitas Brawijaya, 1(1), 785–790. https://www.neliti.com/publications/250050/ Fitriani, F., Subiwahjudi, A., Soetojo, A., & Yuanita, T. (2019). Sitotoksisitas ekstrak kulit kakao (Theobroma cacao) terhadap kultur sel fibroblas BHK- 21. Conservative Dentistry Journal, 9(1), 22–27. Fitriasih, M. K. S., Sandra, F., Pratiwi, N., & Nisa Hidayati, D. (2019). Mangifera indica L. leaves extract induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MCF-7 cells by decreasing Bcl-2 expression and inducing Bax expression. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 10(2), 65–73. Ghasemi, M., Turnbull, T., Sebastian, S., & Kempson, I. (2021). The MTT assay: Utility, limitations, pitfalls, and interpretation in bulk and single-cell analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(23), Artikel 12827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312827 Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N., Turner, R., & Paton, A. (2021). The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. Scientific Data, 8(1), Artikel 215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00997-6 Holliday, D. L. (2011). Breast cancer research: bcr2889. Hou, H. S., Lee, K. L., Tu, T. J., Cheng, J. Y., & Wei, P. K. (2025). Determination of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of drugs using contrast surface plasmon imaging on gold-coated periodic nanowires. Analytical Chemistry, 97(38), 20817–20824. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c02823 Komariyah, M. S., Sandra, F., Pratiwi, N., & Hidayati, D. N. (2019). Mangifera indica L. leaves extract induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MCF-7 cells by decreasing Bcl-2 expression and inducing Bax expression. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 10(2), 65–73. Kadhim Hassan, M., Fadhil Kadhim Jarallah, W., Nahid Thamer, Z., & Mohammed Hussein, L. (2024). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) principle, instrument, detectors, and combining mass spectrometers with other techniques. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 7(6), 2634–2645. https://doi.org/10.52845/cmro/2024/7-6-27 KEGG. (2018). KEGG PATHWAY: Breast cancer – Reference pathway. https://www.kegg.jp/pathway/map05224 Khairunnisa Hero, S., & Cholil, A. (2021). Faktor risiko kanker payudara. Jurnal Medika Hutama, 3(1), 1533–1537. https://jurnalmedikahutama.com/index.php/JMH/article/view/310 Kong, X., Liu, Z., Cheng, R., Sun, L., Huang, S., Fang, Y., & Wang, J. (2020). Variation in breast cancer subtype incidence and distribution by race/ethnicity in the United States from 2010 to 2015. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2020303. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20303 Kumar, M., Saurabh, V., Tomar, M., Hasan, M., Changan, S., Sasi, M., Maheshwari, C., Prajapati, U., Singh, S., Prajapat, R. K., Dhumal, S., Punia, S., Amarowicz, R., & Mekhemar, M. (2021). Mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and healthpromoting bioactivities. Antioxidants, 10(2), Artikel 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/antioxidants10020299 Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., & Perkins, J. A. (2018). Robbins basic pathology (10th ed.). Elsevier. Lelwala, E. I., Seamasinghe, W. M., & Gunarathna, K. M. L. M. (2024). Nonparametric approach to detecting seasonality in time series: Application of the Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test on tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka. South Asian Journal of Business Insights, 4(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.4038/sajbi.v4i1.61 Lem, F. F., Cheong, B. E., & Teoh, P. L. (2022). Ruellia tuberosa ethyl acetate leaf extract induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 90(3), Artikel 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm90030044 Łukasiewicz, S., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Baj, J., Sitarz, R., & Stanisławek, A. (2021). Breast cancer—Epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic markers, and current treatment strategies—An updated review. Cancers, 13(17), Artikel 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174287 Madera, S., Chervo, M. F., Chiauzzi, V. A., Pereyra, M. G., Venturutti, L., Izzo, F., Roldán Deamicis, A., Guzman, P., Dupont, A., Roa, J. C., Cenciarini, M. E., Barchuk, S., Figurelli, S., Lopez Della Vecchia, D., Levit, C., Lebersztein, G., Anfuso, F., Castiglioni, T., Cortese, E., … Elizalde, P. V. (2020). Nuclear PDCD4 expression defines a subset of luminal B-like breast cancers with good prognosis. Hormones and Cancer, 11(5–6), 218–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-020-00392-4 Mahdiyah, L. L. Z. T., Muhtadi, A., & Hasanah, A. N. (2020). Teknik isolasi dan penentuan struktur mangiferin: Senyawa aktif dari tanaman mangga (Mangifera indica L.). Majalah Farmasetika, 5(4), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v5i4.27238 Mauro-Lizcano, M., Sotgia, F., & Lisanti, M. P. (2022). Ribosomal proteins as biomarkers of age and cancer progression. Aging, 14(22), 9877. www.aging-us.com Masota, N. E., Vogg, G., Heller, E., & Holzgrabe, U. (2020). Comparison of extraction efficiency and selectivity between low-temperature pressurized microwave-assisted extraction and prolonged maceration. Archiv der Pharmazie, 353(10), Artikel 2000147. https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.2000147 Mei, S., Ma, H., & Chen, X. (2021). Anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of mangiferin: A review of its molecular mechanisms. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 149, Artikel 111997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.111997 Moon, H. R., Ospina-Muñoz, N., Noe-Kim, V., Yang, Y., Elzey, B. D., Konieczny, S. F., & Han, B. (2020). Subtype-specific characterization of breast cancer invasion using a microfluidic tumor platform. PLoS ONE, 15(6), e0234012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234012 Noviyanty, Y., & Ardelia, W. (2022). Penetapan kadar senyawa flavonoid total dari ekstrak etanol kulit buah mangga arum manis (Mangifera indica L. var. Arum Manis) dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Sains Kesehatan, 29(1), 34–42. Padma Sari, Y., Santoso, U., Junjung Nindhiani, F., Romadhan, P., & Kusuma Tuti, H. (2026). Identifikasi komposisi kimia asap cair tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dan kajian literatur potensi insektisidanya. Dinamika Pertanian, 41(1). https://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/dinamikapertanian Peng, S., Li, Y., Huang, M., Tang, G., Xie, Y., Chen, D., Hu, Y., Yu, T., Cai, J., Yuan, Z., Wang, H., Wang, H., Luo, Y., & Liu, X. (2022). Metabolomics reveals that CAF-derived lipids promote colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis by enhancing membrane fluidity. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(5), 1912–1932. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.68484 Pradani, M., Ponco Rahayu, M., Harjanti, R., & Priya Haresmita, P. (2024). Profil ekstrak rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.) dari lokasi tanam dengan perbedaan letak ketinggian geografis. PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 21(1). https://jurnalnasional.ump.ac.id/index.php/PHARMACY Rahman, W., & Barstow, M. (2023). Mangifera sumbawaensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023- 1.RLTS.T32062A61526933.EN Rawal, P., Baral, R., & Panta, S. (2025). In vitro experimental study of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants for free radical scavenging and hypoglycemic activity. Current Perspectives on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 8(2), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1728419 Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A., Niles, A. L., Duellman, S., Benink, H. A., Worzella, T. J., & Minor, L. (2016). Cell viability assays. Dalam Assay Guidance Manual. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK144065/ Suryanto, E., & Wehantouw, D. F. (2009). Aktivitas penangkap radikal bebas dari ekstrak fenolik daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis F.). Chemistry Progress, 2(2), 77–83. Syafriana, V., & Puspitasari, L. (2024). Total flavonoid dan aktivitas antibakteri infusa daun sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. Ex Hook f. & Thomson) Martelli). Berita Biologi, 23(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.55981/beritabiologi.2024.3257 Sayuti, M. (2017). Pengaruh perbedaan metode ekstraksi bagian dan jenis pelarut terhadap rendemen dan aktifitas antioksidan bambu laut (Isis hippuris). Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal, 6(1), 14–23. Segeritz, C. P., & Vallier, L. (2017). Cell culture: Growing cells as model systems in vitro. Dalam Basic Science Methods for Clinical Researchers (pp. 151– 172). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803077-6.00009-6 Sinn, H. P., & Kreipe, H. (2013). A brief overview of the WHO classification of breast tumors, 4th edition, focusing on issues and updates from the 3rd edition. Breast Care, 8(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350774 Sivakumaran, N., Samarakoon, S. R., Adhikari, A., Ediriweera, M. K., Tennekoon, K. H., Malavige, N., Thabrew, I., & Shrestha, R. L. S. (2018). Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of govaniadine isolated from Corydalis govaniana Wall. Roots on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. BioMed Research International, 2018, Artikel 3171348. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3171348 Stujanna, E. N., Ningsih, S. S., Nurusshofa, Z., Putri, N. D., Yashiro, T., & Sukarya, W. S. (2024). Affordable and simple protocol for immunofluorescence staining of insulin secreting iGL cell line 2D and 3D. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 41(3), 590–594. https://doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.41.3.24 Tan, X. J., Cheor, W. L., Cheng, E. M., Ab Rahman, K. S., Wan Muhamad, W. Z. A., & Leow, W. Z. (2023). Breast cancer status, grading system, etiology, and challenges in Asia: An updated review. Oncologie, 25(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/oncologie-2022-1011 Tine, Y., Yang, Y., Renucci, F., Costa, J., Wélé, A., & Paolini, J. (2017). LCMS/ MS analysis of flavonoid compounds from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides extracts and their antioxidant activities. Natural Product Communications, 12(12), 1865–1868. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701201213 Uhrig, M., Ezquer, F., & Ezquer, M. (2022). Improving cell recovery: Freezing and thawing optimization of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cells, 11(5), Artikel 799. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11050799 Wahyuningsih, S., Yunita, I., Utari Yolla Sundari, M., Devi Bunga Pagalla, M., Yolan Kalalinggi, S., Alpian, M., Enny Nurmalasari, M., Hendy Suryandani, M., Ramlah, M., & Yolla Sundari, U. (2024). Ekstraksi bahan alam. Gita Lentera. https://gitalentera.com Wen, Y., Chen, Z., Lu, J., Ables, E., Scemama, J. L., Yang, L. V., Lu, J. Q., & Hu, X. H. (2017). Quantitative analysis and comparison of 3D morphology between viable and apoptotic MCF-7 breast cancer cells and characterization of nuclear fragmentation. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184726 Wilkinson, A. N. (2023). Demystifying breast cancer. Canadian Family Physician, 69(7), 473–476. https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6907473 Wu, S. Z., Roden, D. L., Al-Eryani, G., Bartonicek, N., Harvey, K., Cazet, A. S., Chan, C. L., Junankar, S., Hui, M. N., Millar, E. A., Beretov, J., Horvath, L., Joshua, A. M., Stricker, P., Wilmott, J. S., Quek, C., Long, G. V., Scolyer, R. A., Yeung, B. Z., … Swarbrick, A. (2021). Cryopreservation of human cancers conserves tumour heterogeneity for single-cell multi-omics analysis. Genome Medicine, 13(1), Artikel 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-021-00885-z Yuliana, D. (2024). Literature review: Perkembangan pengobatan kemoterapi kanker payudara. Makassar Pharmaceutical Science Journal, 2(1), 2024– 2056. https://journal.farmasi.umi.ac.id/index.php/mpsj Zaini, M., Hidriya, H., & Japeri, J. (2020). Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol Muntingia calabura dengan variasi laju pengadukan menggunakan macerator-magnetic stirrer (M-MS). Jurnal Pharmascience, 7(2), 27–35. https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/pharmascience Zakaria, F., Talip, B. A., Kahar, E. E. M., Muhammad, N., Abdullah, N., & Basri, H. (2020). Solvent used in extraction process of agarwood: A systematic review. Food Research, 4(3), 731–737. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).333 Zhang, P., Liu, H., Yu, Y., Peng, S., Zeng, A., & Song, L. (2025). Terpenoids mediated cell apoptosis in cervical cancer: Mechanisms, advances and prospects. Fitoterapia, 180, Artikel 106323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106323 Zhao, L., Shang, S., Tian, Y., Gao, Y., Song, Z., Peng, L., Li, Z., & Wang, B. (2023). Integrative analysis of sensory evaluation and non-targeted metabolomics to unravel tobacco leaf metabolites associated with sensory quality of heated tobacco. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, Artikel 1123100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1123100 Zulkarnain, R. C., & Delyuzar. (2017). Karakteristik penderita kanker payudara di Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat H. Adam Malik Medan. Jurnal Kedokteran Ibnu Nafis, 6(2). citation: FATIH ABDURRAHMAN A, FATIH (2026) SKRIPSI-2210015031-FATIH ABDURRAHMAN A-REPOSITORY. Bachelor thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka. document_url: http://repository.uhamka.ac.id/id/eprint/56382/1/SKRIPSI-2210015031-FATIH%20ABDURRAHMAN%20A-REPOSITORY.pdf