eprintid: 22180
rev_number: 8
eprint_status: archive
userid: 3858
dir: disk0/00/02/21/80
datestamp: 2023-04-02 11:43:03
lastmod: 2023-04-02 11:43:03
status_changed: 2023-04-02 11:43:03
type: thesis
metadata_visibility: show
creators_name: Putri, Isma Salsabilla
creators_name: Hariyanti, Hariyanti
creators_name: Rachmania, Rizky Arcinthya
title: KAJIAN SENYAWA BIOAKTIF TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN
RESEPTOR RNA Dependent RNA Polimerase (RdRp) SEBAGAI ANTI
COVID SECARA Virtual Screening
ispublished: pub
subjects: R
subjects: RS
divisions: 48201
abstract: Sindrom pernapasan akut coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) ialah virus yang
menyebabkan pandemi penyakit COVID-19. RNA Dependent RNA Polimerase
(RdRp) merupakan reseptor penting yang berfungsi mengkatalisis replikasi RNA
pada SARS-COV-2, dan menjadi salah satu target yang menjanjikan dalam
mengembangkan obat antivirus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
mengumpulkan dan mengkaji senyawa bioaktif dari tumbuhan herbal terhadap
reseptor RNA Dependent RNA Polimerase (RdRp) serta software docking yang
digunakan untuk mendapatkan senyawa yang memiliki potensisebagai anticovid
secara virtual screening dengan menggunakan kajian literatur. Penelitian ini
dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kajian literatur terhadap penelitian
molecular docking dengan menggunakan berbagai macam software. Dari hasil
studi literatur dapat disimpulkan bahwa software yang paling banyak digunakan
dalam penelitian molecular docking ialah Autodock vina. Berdasarkan hasil
molecular docking diperoleh senyawa Diosmetin-7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosida
memiliki energi bebas ikatan terendah dengan nilai sebesar -10,4 kkal/mol
dibandingkan dengan senyawa pembanding yaitu remdesivir (-4,7 kkal/mol
sampai -7,9 kkal/mol).
Kata kunci : RNA Dependent RNA Polimerase, RdRp SARS-COV-2, senyawa
bioaktif, molecular docking, kajian literatur
date: 2022
date_type: completed
full_text_status: public
institution: Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA
department: Fakultas Farmasi dan Sains
thesis_type: bachelor
thesis_name: bphil
referencetext: Abdul-jabar, R. A., & Al-fadal, S. A. L. I. M. (2020). In-Silico Study of the
Inhibitory Effect of Some Flavonoids Compounds and their Derivatives on
SARS- COV-2. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(2),
2668–2686.
Africa, J. G. G., Arturo, H. C. P., Bernardo, L. J. M., Kyle, J., Ching, A. R.,
Casandra, O., Cruz, E. De, Hernandez, J. B. E., Magsipoc, R. J. Y., Sales, C.
T. C., Agbay, J. C. M., Neri, G. L. L., Quimque, M. T. J., & Macabeo, A. P.
G. (2022). In Silico Triple Targeting of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro , PL pro , and
RdRp by Philippine Antitubercular Natural Products Libraries. Philippine
Journal of Science, 151(1), 35–58.
Alamri, M. A., Altharawi, A., Alabbas, A. B., Alossaimi, M. A., & Alqahtani, S.
M. (2020). Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics of
phytochemicals derived from Saudi medicinal plants to identify potential
COVID-19 therapeutics. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(9), 7224–7234.
Alanagreh, L., Alzoughool, F., & Atoum, M. (2020). The Human Coronavirus
Disease COVID-19 : Its Origin , Characteristics , and Insights into Potential
Drugs and Its Mechanisms. Pathogens, 9(331), 1–11.
Allam, A. E., Amen, Y., Ashour, A., Assaf, H. K., Hassan, H. A., Abdel-rahman,
I. M., Sayed, A. M., & Shimizu, K. (2021). In silico study of natural
compounds from sesame against COVID-19 by targeting M pro , PL pro and
RdRp. Royal Society of Chemistry, 11(36), 22398–22408.
Amirian, E. S., & Levy, J. K. (2020). Current knowledge about the antivirals
remdesivir (GS-5734) and GS-441524 as therapeutic options for
coronaviruses. One Health, 9(9), 100128–100134.
Arba, M. (2019). Buku Ajar Farmasi Komputasi. Yogyakarta: Penerbit
deepublish.
Ardra, P., Singh, P., VR, H., UV, B., Rafiq, M., & Rao, R. P. (2020). Potential
Phytochemical Inhibitors of the Coronavirus RNA Dependent RNA
Polymerase : A Molecular Docking Study. Research Square, 1(1), 1–16.
Arifin, B., & Ibrahim, S. (2018). Struktur, Bioaktivitas dan Antioksidan
Flavonooid. Jurnal Zarah, 6(1), 21–29.
Balkrishna, A., Mittal, R., Sharma, G., & Arya, V. (2021). Computational insights
of phytochemical-driven disruption of RNA- dependent RNA polymerasemediated replication of coronavirus : a strategic treatment plan against
coronavirus disease 2019. New Microbes and New Infections, 41, 100878–
100887.
CDC, C. F. D. C. and P. (2021). COVID 19. Diakses pada 10 Juni 2021 pukul
16.40. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/,
Dewi, K., & Riyandari, A. B. (2020). Potensi Tanaman Lokal sebagai Tanaman
Obat dalam Menghambat Penyebaran COVID-19. Jurnal Pharmascience,
7(2), 112–128. https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/pharmascience
Dey, D., Dey, N., Ghosh, S., Chandrasekaran, N., & Thomas, J. (2021). Potential
combination therapy using twenty phytochemicals from twenty plants to
prevent SARS- CoV-2 infection : An in silico Approach. VirusDisease,
32(1), 108–116. 
Duncan, A., Margetson, J., Roberts, J., Baron, T., & Buxani, N. (2021). Caribbean
Plants as Source of Novel Inhibitors for Main Protease, NSP 15, and RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-Cov-2. Drug Designing,
10(1), 1–9.
El-aziz, N. M. A., Awad, O. M. E., Shehata, M. G., El-, S. A., Applications, T., &
Arab, B. El. (2021). Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA
Polymerase by Natural Bioactive Compounds: Molecular Docking Analysis.
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64(4), 1989–2001.
Elfiky, A. A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)
targeting: an in silico perspective. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and
Dynamics, 39(9), 3204–3212.
Falang, K. D., Poyi, C. O., & Kolawole, J. A. (2020). Inhibition of RNAdependent RNA polymerase from SARSCoV-2 by compounds in Vangag
herbal preparation: an in silico evaluation. Journal of Pharmacy &
Bioresources, 17(2), 88–95.
Ferdian, P. R., Elfirta, R. R., Zahrah, A., Ikhwani, N., Sutardi, D., & Ruhiat, G.
(2021). Studi In Silico Senyawa Fenolik Madu sebagai Kandidat Inhibitor
Mpro SARS-CoV-2. Media Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan,
31(3), 213–232.
Firdiyani, F., Agustini, T. W., & Ma’ruf, W. F. (2015). Ekstraksi Senyawa
Bioaktif Sebagai Antioksidan Alami Spirulina platensis Segar Dengan
Pelarut Yang Berbeda. JPHPI, 18(1), 28–37.
Friesner, R. A., Banks, J. L., Murphy, R. B., Halgren, T. A., Klicic, J. J., Mainz,
D. T., Repasky, M. P., Knoll, E. H., Shelley, M., Perry, J. K., Shaw, D. E.,
Francis, P., & Shenkin, P. S. (2004). Glide : A New Approach for Rapid ,
Accurate Docking and Scoring . 1 . Method and Assessment of Docking
Accuracy. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47(7), 1739–1749.
Gagnon, J. K., Law, S. M., & Iii, C. L. B. (2017). Flexible CDOCKER:
Development and application of a pseudo_explicit structure-based docking
method within CHARMM. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 37(8), 753–
762.
Gao, Y., Yan, L., Huang, Y., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Cao, L., Wang, T., Sun, Q., Ming,
Z., Zhang, L., Ge, J., Zheng, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zhu, Y., Zhu, C., Hu,
T., Hua, T., Zhang, B., Rao, Z. (2020). Structure of the RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus. Science, 368(6492), 779–782.
Guaadaoui, A., Benaicha, S., & Elmajdoub, N. (2014). What is a bioactive
compound ? A combined definition for a preliminary consensus.
International Journal of Nutrition and Food Science, 3(3), 174–179.
Habibzadeh, S., & Zohalinezhad, M. E. (2022). Evaluation of the Inhibitory
Activities of Ferula gummosa Bioactive Compounds against the Druggable
Targets of SARS-CoV-2 : Molecular Docking Simulation. Biointerface
Research in Applied Chemistry, 12(5), 6382–6392.
Hernawati, S. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian dalam Bidang Kesehatan Kuantitatif
& Kualitatif. Ponorogo: Forum Ilmiah Kesehatan (FORIKES).
Hidayat, S., Cahyohartoto, A., Dewi, A. U., Mukminah, I. Al, & Sigalingging, O.
S. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Senyawa Bahan Alam terhadap Enzim Mpro pada
SARS-CoV-2 Secara In Silico. Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kefarmasian
Indonesia, 8(3), 235–241.
Indriani, E., & Rostinawati, T. (2020). Review Artikel : Struktur, Replikasi dan
Inhibitor RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Coronavirus. Farmaka, 18(2),
146–153.
Jin, Y., Sun, J., Jeon, S., Lee, J., Kim, S., Rae, H., & Kwon, S. (2020). Lycorine, a
non-nucleoside RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, as potential
treatment for emerging coronavirus infections. Phytomedicine, 86(15),
153440–153447.
Juliana, K., Amin, M., & Suarsini, E. (2016). Analisis Virtual Screening Senyawa
Alami Anti Aging Kandidat Inhibitor Komplek Protein MMP1. Surakarta:
Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Biologi Dan Saintek, 114–125.
Kakodkar, P., Kaka, N., & Baig, M. (2020). A Comprehensive Literature Review
on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus, 12(4), 1–18.
Kandeel, M., Kitade, Y., & Almubarak, A. (2020). Repurposing FDA-approved
phytomedicines , natural products , antivirals and cell protectives against
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PeerJ, 8(14), 1–17.
Kar, P., Kumar, V., Vellingiri, B., Sen, A., Jaishee, N., Anandraj, A., Malhotra,
H., Bhattacharyya, S., Kinoshita, M., Govindasamy, V., Roy, A., Naidoo, D.,
Subramaniam, M. D., Anandraj, A., Malhotra, H., Bhattacharyya, S., &
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2020). Anisotine and amarogentin as promising
inhibitory candidates against SARS-CoV-2 proteins : a computational
investigation. Joural of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 38(2), 1–11.
Kar, P., Sharma, N. R., Singh, B., Sen, A., Roy, A., Kar, P., Raj, N., Singh, B.,
Sen, A., & Roy, A. (2021). Natural compounds from Clerodendrum spp . as
possible therapeutic candidates against SARS- CoV-2 : An in silico
investigation Natural compounds from Clerodendrum spp . as possible
therapeutic candidates. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics,
39(13), 4774–4785.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Pedoman Pencegahan dan
Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Jakarta: Kementerian
Kesehatan RI.
Khan, A., Khan, M., Saleem, S., Babar, Z., Ali, A., Aziz, A., & Zain, K. (2020).
Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Perspectives of RNA ‑ Dependent RNA
‑ Polymerase Inhibition from SARs ‑ CoV ‑ 2 with Natural Products.
Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences, 12(3), 335–348.
Kushwaha, P. P., Singh, A. K., Bansal, T., Yadav, A., Prajapati, K. S., Shuaib, M.,
& Kumar, S. (2021). Identification of Natural Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV2 Drugable Targets Using Molecular Docking , Molecular Dynamics
Simulation , and MM-PBSA Approach. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection
Microbiology, 11(730288), 1–17.
Laksmiani, N. P. L., Larasanty, L. P. F., Santika, A. A. G. J., Prayoga, P. A. A.,
Dewi, A. A. I. K., & Dewi, N. P. A. K. (2020). Active Compounds Activity
from the Medicinal Plants Against SARS-CoV-2 using in Silico Assay.
Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 13(2), 873–881.
Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., Liu, H.
Te, & Wu, C. Y. (2020). The potential chemical structure of anti SARSCoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Journal of Medical Virology,
92(6), 1–5.
Maulana, A. (2020). Mengapa Virus Corona Bisa Bermutasi? Ini Penjelasannya.
https://www.unpad.ac.id/2020/12/mengapa-virus-corona-bisa-bermutasi-inipenjelasannya/, diakses pada 23 Mei 2022 pukul 12.32
Mir, S. A., Firoz, A., Alaidarous, M., Alshehri, B., Dukhyil, A. A. Bin, Banawas,
S., Alsagaby, S. A., Alturaiki, W., Ahmad, G., Kashoo, F., & Abdel-hadi, A.
M. (2022). Identification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
inhibitors from the major phytochemicals of Nigella sativa: An in silico
approach. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(1), 394–401.
Mishra, G. P., Bhadane, R. N., Panigrahi, D., Amawi, H. A., Asbhy, C. R., &
Tiwar, A. K. (2021). The interaction of the bioflavonoids with five SARSCoV-2 proteins targets : An i n silico study. Computers in Biology and
Medicine, 134(104464), 1–10.
Morris, G. M., Huey, R., & Olson, A. J. (2008). Using AutoDock for LigandReceptor Docking. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 8(14), 1–40.
Nasution, N. H., Hidayah, A., Sari, K. M., Cahyati, W., Khoiriyah, M., Hasibuan,
R. P., Lubis, A. A., & Siregar, A. Y. (2021). Gambaran Pengetahuan
Masyarakat Tentang Pencegahan Covid-19 Kecamatan Padangsidimpuan
Batunadua. Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah Indonesia, 6(1), 107–114.
Noviardi, H., & Fachrurrazie. (2015). Potensi Senyawa Bullatalisin Sebagai
Inhibitor Protein Leukotrien A4 Hidrolase Pada Kanker Kolon Secara In
Silico. Fitofarmaka, 5(2), 65–73.
Nursamsiar, Mangande, M. M., Awaluddin, A., Nur, S., & Asnawi, A. (2020). In
Silico Study of Aglycon Curculigoside A and Its Derivatives as α -Amilase
Inhibitors. Indonesian of Pharmaceutical Science anD Technology, 7(1), 29–
37.
Ogunyemi, O. M., Gyebi, G. A., Elfiky, A. A., Afolabi, S. O., Ogunro, O. B.,
Adegunloye, A. P., & Ibrahim, I. M. (2020). Alkaloids and flavonoids from
African phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of SARS-Cov-2 RNAdependent RNA polymerase : an in silico perspective. Antiviral Chemistry
and Chemotherapy, 28(1), 1–15.
Pagadala, N. S., Syed, K., & Tuszynski, J. (2017). Software for molecular
docking : a review. Biophysical Reviews, 9(2), 91–102.
Pandeya, K. B., Ganeshpurkar, A., & Mishra, M. K. (2020). Natural RNA
Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors : Molecular Docking Studies of Some
Biologically Active Alkaloids of Argemone mexicana. Medical Hypotheses,
109905.
Patil, S. M., Martiz, R. M., Ramu, R., Shirahatti, P. S., Prakash, A., S, J. C., &
Ranganatha, V. L. (2021). In silico identification of novel benzophenone –
coumarin derivatives as SARS- CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (
RdRp ) inhibitors. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 39(1),
1–17.
Poyi, C. O., Falang, K. D., & Kolawole, J. A. (2020). Phytochemical Compounds
Present in COVI-MXG Herbal Preparation Inhibits RNA-Dependent RNA
Polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 : Virtual Screening. Research Square, 1(1),
1–14.
Pratama, A. A., Rifai, Y., & Marzuki, A. (2017). Docking Molekuler Senyawa
5,5’- Dibromometilsesamin. Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi, 21(3), 67–
69.
Rahimah, S. B., Dewi, M. K., & Muflihah, H. (2020). COVID-19 dan Tatalaksana
Farmakoterapi : KOPIDPEDIA. Bandung: Pusat Penerbitan Universitas
(P2U) Unisba.
Rameshkumar, M. R., Indu, P., Arunagirinathan, N., Venkatadri, B., El-Serehy, H.
A., & Ahmad, A. (2021). Computational selection of flavonoid compounds
as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease, RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase and spike proteins: A molecular docking study. Saudi Journal of
Biological Sciences, 28(1), 448–458.
Ridwan, M., Ulum, B., Muhammad, F., & Indragiri, U. I. (2021). Pentingnya
Penerapan Literature Review pada Penelitian Ilmiah. Jurnal Masohi, 2(1),
42–51.
Ruslin, Yana, N. R. A., & Leorita, M. (2020). Desain Turunan Senyawa
Leonurine Sebagai Kandidat Obat AntiInflamasi. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika,
6(1), 181–191.
Saeed, M., Saeed, A., & Alreshidi, M. (2021). Computational hunting of natural
active compounds as an alternative for Remdesivir to target RNA-dependent
polymerase. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 67(1), 45–49.
Saha, S., Nandi, R., Vishwakarma, P., & Prakash, A. (2021). Discovering
Potential RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Prospective Drugs
Against COVID-19 : An in silico Approach. Frontiers in Pharmacology,
12(634047), 1–13.
Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020).
Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A
Review. Clinical Review & Education, 323(18), 1824–1836.
Saputri, K. E., Fakhmi, N., Kusumaningtyas, E., Priyatama, D., & Santoso, B.
(2016). Docking Molekular Potensi Anti Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Turunan
Zerumbon Sebagai Inhibitoor Aldosa Reduktase Dengan Autodock Vina.
Chemica et Natura Acta, 4(1), 16–20.
Sari, A. R., Rahman, F., Wulandari, A., Pujianti, N., Laily, N., Anhar, Y.,
Anggraini, L., Azmiyannoor, M., Ridwan, A. M., Ilham, F., & Muddin, I.
(2020). Perilaku Pencegahan Covid-19 Ditinjau dari Karakteristik Individu
dan Sikap Masyarakat. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan
Masyarakat Indonesia, 1(1), 32–37.
Sari, I. W., Junaidin, & Pratiwi, D. (2020). Studi Molecular Docking Senyawa
Flavonoid Herba Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus B.) In αGlukosidase Sebagai Antidiabetes Tipe 2. Jurnal Farmagazine, 7(2), 54–60.
Selvaraj, J., Rekha, U. V., Jh, S. F., Sivabalan, V., Ponnulakshmi, R.,
Vishnupriya, V., Kullappan, M., Surapaneni, S., & Mohan, K. (2021).
Molecular docking analysis of SARS-CoV-2 linked RNA dependent RNA
polymerase (RdRp) with compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus.
Bioinformation, 17(1), 167–170.
Septiana, E. (2020). Prospek Senyawa Bahan Alam Sebagai Antivirus Dalam
Menghambat SARS-CoV-2. BioTrends, 11(1), 30–38.
Setiadi, A. P., Wibowo, Y. I., Halim, S. V., Brata, C., Presley, B., & Setiawan, E.
(2020). Tata Laksana Terapi Pasien dengan COVID-19: Sebuah Kajian
Naratif. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 9(1), 70.
Shaldam, M. A., Yahya, G., Mohamed, N. H., Abdel-daim, M. M., & Naggar, Y.
Al. (2021). In silico screening of potent bioactive compounds from honeybee 
products against COVID-19 target enzymes. Enviromental Science and
Pollution Research, 28(30), 40507–40514.
Sharaf, S. E. (2021). Biochemical computational therapeutic approach towards the
discovery of natural product non- covalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent RNA polymerase. Pharmacy & Pharmacology International
Journal, 9(4), 160–169.
Silva, F. M. A. da, Silva, K. P. A., Oliveira, L. P. M. De, Costa, E. V, Koolen, H.
H. F., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Souza, A. Q. L. De, & Souza, A. D. L. De. (2020).
Flavonoid glycosides and their putative human metabolites as potential
inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase (RdRp). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 115, 1–8.
Singh, Kumar, V., & Purohit, R. (2021). Potential of turmeric-derived compounds
against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 : An in-silico
approach. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 139(3), 104965–104970.
Singh, S., Sk, F., Sonawane, A., Kar, P., & Sadhukhan, S. (2020). Plant-derived
natural polyphenols as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 via
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibition : an in-silico analysis.
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 39(16), 6249–6264.
Siswandono. (2016a). Kimia Medisinal 1 (Edisi 2). Surabaya: Airlangga
University Press.
Siswandono. (2016b). Kimia Medisinal 2 (Edisi 2). Surabaya: Airlangga
University Press.
Suharyani, I., Falya, Y., Hakim, A., Fajira, D., Sadira, N. A., & Astuti, S. (2021).
Review Artikel: Potensi Senyawa Aktif Pada Tanaman Obat Untuk
Penanganan Covid-19 Dengan Metode Molecular Docking. Medical Sains,
6(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.37874/ms.v6i2.270
Susilo, A., Rumende, C. M., Pitoyo, C. W., Santoso, W. D., Yulianti, M.,
Herikurniawan, H., Sinto, R., Singh, G., Nainggolan, L., Nelwan, E. J., Chen,
L. K., Widhani, A., Wijaya, E., Wicaksana, B., Maksum, M., Annisa, F.,
Jasirwan, C. O. M., & Yunihastuti, E. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019:
Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 7(1), 45–67.
Syahputra, G., Ambarsari, L., & Sumaryada, T. (2014). Simulasi Docking
Kurkumin Enol, Bisdemetoksikurkumin dan Analognya Sebagai Inhibitoor
Enzim12-Lipoksigenase. Jurnal Biofisika, 10(1), 55–67.
Trott, O., & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and
accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and
multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455–461.
Wang, Z., Qiang, W., & Ke, H. (2020). A Handbook of 2019-nCoV Pneumonia
Control and Prevention. Hubei Science and technology press.
Wardiana, A. (2020). Diagnosis SARS-CoV-2 : Peran Sistem Deteksi dan Ragam
Metode Uji Dalam Menanggulangi Pandemi. BioTrends, 11(1), 21–29.
Yuqui, F. M., Guerra, N. L., & Palacio, E. A. M. (2020). Targeting the 3CLpro
and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 with phytochemicals from medicinal plants of the
Andean Region : molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations
Targeting the 3CLpro and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 with phytochemicals and
molecular dynamics simula. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and
Dynamics, 40(5), 2010–2023.
Yusuf, S. A., & Khasanah, U. (2019). Kajian Literatur dan Teori Sosial Dalam 
Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Gawe Buku.
Zhu, W., Chen, C. Z., Gorshkov, K., Xu, M., Lo, D. C., & Zheng, W. (2020).
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Target for COVID-19 Drug
Discovery. SLAS Discovery, 25(10), 1141–1151.
citation:   Putri, Isma Salsabilla dan Hariyanti, Hariyanti dan Rachmania, Rizky Arcinthya  (2022) KAJIAN SENYAWA BIOAKTIF TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN RESEPTOR RNA Dependent RNA Polimerase (RdRp) SEBAGAI ANTI COVID SECARA Virtual Screening.  Bachelor thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA.   
document_url: http://repository.uhamka.ac.id/id/eprint/22180/1/FS03-220308.pdf